Did Ashkenazic Jews found Zionism?

Zionism, the political movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, has deep roots in Jewish history, but the form it took in the 19th and 20th centuries was profoundly shaped by Ashkenazic Jews. This group—Jews of Central and Eastern European origin—played a decisive role in the birth and spread of Zionism as a modern nationalist movement. However, Zionism was not exclusively the creation of Ashkenazic Jews, as Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews (from North Africa, the Middle East, and the Iberian Peninsula) also contributed to its development, although their involvement increased more prominently later.

This article explores whether Ashkenazic Jews were the primary founders of modern Zionism, how their specific historical conditions influenced the movement, and to what extent Zionism eventually became a broader Jewish endeavor beyond Ashkenazic circles.

Understanding Zionism: Early Ideas of Jewish Nationalism

Jewish attachment to the land of Israel has existed for millennia, grounded in religious tradition, biblical history, and the prayers of the Jewish diaspora. Throughout history, Jews nurtured the hope of returning to Zion (Jerusalem), especially after their expulsion by the Romans in the 1st century CE. However, these sentiments remained largely religious and messianic in nature, with the idea of a political or territorial restoration emerging only in the modern era.

In the 19th century, Europe experienced the rise of nationalism, which influenced many ethnic and cultural groups to seek self-determination. It was in this context that Zionism emerged as a nationalist response to Jewish struggles, particularly in Europe. Ashkenazic Jews, facing waves of discrimination, pogroms, and exclusion from full citizenship in European states, were among the first to propose Zionism as a political solution to the "Jewish Question."

The Role of Ashkenazic Jews in Founding Zionism

Ashkenazic Jews were central to the formation of Zionism, both ideologically and organizationally. A few key figures illustrate the degree to which Ashkenazim drove the early stages of the movement.

1. Theodor Herzl: Father of Political Zionism

Theodor Herzl (1860–1904), a Hungarian-born Ashkenazic Jew, is often regarded as the founder of modern political Zionism. Herzl was initially a secular, assimilated Jew who believed that Jews could integrate into European society. However, he became disillusioned with this idea, especially after the rise of anti-Semitic movements across Europe and the infamous Dreyfus Affair in France, in which a Jewish army officer was falsely accused of treason amidst a storm of anti-Semitic propaganda.

Herzl's seminal work, Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), published in 1896, argued for the necessity of a Jewish homeland as a solution to Jewish persecution in Europe. He emphasized that Jews, as a distinct nation, could not rely on assimilation or acceptance from non-Jewish societies. Herzl’s efforts culminated in the First Zionist Congress in 1897 in Basel, Switzerland, which he organized with the participation of primarily Ashkenazic Jews from various parts of Europe. The congress laid the foundations for the Zionist movement as a political organization, marking a shift from messianic hope to pragmatic activism.

2. Leon Pinsker and Hovevei Zion: Early Pioneers

Before Herzl, early Zionist activists such as Leon Pinsker (1821–1891), a Russian-Jewish physician, played a crucial role in shaping proto-Zionist thought. Pinsker’s 1882 pamphlet Auto-Emancipation argued that Jews would never achieve equality in Europe and needed to secure their own territory to escape perpetual discrimination.

Pinsker was associated with Hovevei Zion ("Lovers of Zion"), a network of Ashkenazic Jews who organized small settlements in Palestine starting in the late 19th century. These settlers established agricultural colonies, laying the groundwork for future Jewish migration and land development in Palestine.

3. Eastern European Jews and Zionism’s Growth

The movement also found fertile ground among Jews from Russia, Poland, and other parts of Eastern Europe. This region was home to the largest Jewish population in the world at the time, and Jews there experienced severe anti-Semitism and violent pogroms. Many Eastern European Jews joined the Zionist cause, seeing it as a way to escape persecution and create a secure homeland.

Jewish intellectuals from these regions were especially influential in formulating cultural Zionism, a branch of the movement focused on reviving Hebrew as a national language and fostering Jewish identity. Prominent figures such as Ahad Ha’am (Asher Ginsberg) promoted the idea that Zionism should not only be about physical settlement but also about the spiritual and cultural renewal of the Jewish people.

Involvement of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews

Although Ashkenazic Jews dominated the early stages of the Zionist movement, Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews (Jews from the Middle East, North Africa, and the Iberian Peninsula) also engaged with the idea of a Jewish homeland. However, their contributions were more prominent after Zionism became a broader, global movement.

Some Sephardic Jews supported Zionist initiatives from the beginning, particularly those living in Palestine, where small Jewish communities had maintained a continuous presence for centuries. Influential Sephardic leaders such as Rabbi Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel later became prominent in the Zionist movement, advocating for Jewish unity and cooperation between Ashkenazim and Sephardim.

However, it is important to note that Zionism did not initially resonate as strongly with many Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews. These communities, having lived under Islamic rule for centuries, often experienced a more stable coexistence with their Muslim neighbors compared to the conditions faced by Jews in Europe. As a result, some saw Zionism as a movement driven by European concerns that were not fully relevant to their own experiences.

Ashkenazic Influence on the Ideology and Structure of Zionism

The fact that Ashkenazic Jews founded and initially led the Zionist movement had significant implications for its ideology and organizational structure. Zionism emerged in response to the specific challenges faced by European Jews, such as anti-Semitism, exclusion, and assimilation pressures. The movement’s leaders, most of whom came from secular, Enlightenment-influenced backgrounds, shaped Zionism as a modern, nationalist project, distinct from traditional Jewish religious expectations of divine intervention for the return to Zion.

This secular orientation of early Zionism, combined with its European origins, created tensions with religious Jews, many of whom rejected the movement as premature and contrary to messianic prophecy. At the same time, these tensions reflected the broader challenges Zionism faced in becoming a truly inclusive movement representing the diverse Jewish diaspora.

Broadening of Zionism: Toward a Global Jewish Movement

Over time, Zionism evolved from a predominantly Ashkenazic initiative into a broader Jewish project that included Jews from all backgrounds. The early 20th century saw increased participation from Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews, particularly as the idea of a Jewish state became more tangible. Events such as the Balfour Declaration (1917), which expressed British support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, further galvanized Jewish communities worldwide.

After the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, large-scale immigration from North Africa, the Middle East, and other non-European regions significantly diversified the Zionist movement. This wave of migration transformed Zionism from a movement rooted primarily in European concerns into a national project that reflected the experiences and aspirations of Jews from across the globe.

Conclusion: A Movement Born in Europe, Expanded Worldwide

While Ashkenazic Jews were undeniably the founders and early leaders of the Zionist movement, the movement’s development and success were ultimately the result of broader Jewish participation. The political, ideological, and organizational foundations of Zionism were laid by Ashkenazim in response to the unique challenges they faced in Europe. However, as Zionism gained momentum, it attracted support from Jews of diverse backgrounds, including Sephardic and Mizrahi communities, who brought their own perspectives and experiences to the movement.

In the end, Zionism evolved from a European-Jewish response to anti-Semitism into a global Jewish project that culminated in the creation of the State of Israel. The movement’s roots may lie in the Ashkenazic experience, but its success reflects the contributions and aspirations of Jews from around the world.

Ariel Sharon: The Life and Legacy of Israel’s Controversial Leader

Ariel Sharon, often referred to as “the Bulldozer” for his forceful and direct approach, was one of the most influential and controversial figures in Israeli history. His military career and political life were characterized by bold decisions, strategic thinking, and a legacy that continues to provoke intense debate. Sharon was known both for his significant military victories and for making difficult political compromises, most notably the unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in 2005. His career spanned several decades, shaping Israel’s military doctrine and its political landscape in profound ways.

Early Life and Military Career

Ariel Sharon was born as Ariel Scheinermann on February 26, 1928, in Kfar Malal, a small moshav (agricultural settlement) in British Mandate Palestine, to Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. His family’s background in agriculture and their strong Zionist ideals profoundly influenced Sharon's early life. Growing up in a pioneer farming community instilled in him a sense of rugged independence and nationalism.

Sharon’s military career began at a young age. At 14, he joined the Haganah, the paramilitary organization that later became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). His first taste of real combat came in 1948 during the Arab-Israeli War, following the establishment of the State of Israel. During this conflict, Sharon demonstrated his military acumen, though he also developed a reputation for being stubborn and insubordinate to his superiors.

Sharon’s rise in the military hierarchy was swift. In the early 1950s, he became the commander of Unit 101, an elite commando force tasked with retaliatory operations against Palestinian guerrilla attacks. The unit's operations were often ruthless and highly controversial. One such operation was the Qibya massacre in 1953, during which Sharon’s forces killed over 60 Palestinian villagers. This incident marked the beginning of his long-standing reputation for brutality and disregard for civilian casualties, a trait that would follow him throughout his military and political career.

The Six-Day War and Yom Kippur War

Sharon’s leadership was again put to the test during the Six-Day War of 1967, when Israel launched a pre-emptive strike against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. Sharon, commanding a division of armored forces, played a pivotal role in the Israeli victory, particularly in the Sinai Peninsula. His successful flanking maneuvers and aggressive tactics not only earned him the admiration of his peers but also solidified his image as a bold and effective military leader.

However, it was during the 1973 Yom Kippur War that Sharon’s military reputation reached its zenith. The war began with a surprise attack by Egypt and Syria on Israel during the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur. Sharon, commanding an armored division in the Sinai, executed a daring crossing of the Suez Canal, turning the tide of the war in Israel’s favor. His actions were seen as instrumental in the Israeli military’s recovery and eventual victory. Images of Sharon with his iconic bandaged head, taken during the battle, became a symbol of his toughness and tactical brilliance.

Transition to Politics

Sharon’s transition from military hero to politician was a natural evolution. After the Yom Kippur War, he entered Israeli politics, joining the Likud party in 1973. Over the next several decades, Sharon held various ministerial positions, including Minister of Defense, Minister of Agriculture, and Minister of Housing. His early political career was marked by a focus on settlement expansion in the occupied territories, which he saw as a crucial part of ensuring Israel’s security.

Sharon’s tenure as Minister of Defense, however, was marred by one of the most controversial episodes of his career: the 1982 Lebanon War. Sharon was the architect of Israel’s invasion of Lebanon, which was initially intended to root out the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from its bases in southern Lebanon. The operation quickly spiraled into a full-scale occupation of Beirut, leading to intense fighting and a protracted Israeli presence in Lebanon.

The most infamous event of this war was the Sabra and Shatila massacre, in which Lebanese Christian militias, allied with Israel, killed hundreds of Palestinian refugees in two camps while Israeli forces stood by. An Israeli commission of inquiry found Sharon indirectly responsible for the massacre due to his failure to prevent it, leading to his resignation as Minister of Defense in 1983. This incident earned Sharon international condemnation and damaged his political career, though he would later make a remarkable comeback.

Prime Ministership and the Second Intifada

Despite the setbacks, Sharon remained a prominent figure in Israeli politics. In 2001, amidst the turmoil of the Second Intifada (Palestinian uprising), Sharon was elected as Prime Minister. His election came at a time of increasing violence between Israelis and Palestinians, following the collapse of the Oslo Accords and the failure of peace talks.

Sharon’s approach to the Palestinian issue was characterized by a hardline stance. Early in his tenure, he ordered the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier, which he argued was necessary to prevent terrorist attacks. Critics, however, saw it as a means of annexing Palestinian land and further entrenching Israeli control over the West Bank. Sharon also sanctioned military incursions into Palestinian territories, including Operation Defensive Shield in 2002, which sought to crush the Palestinian militant infrastructure.

Despite his hawkish reputation, Sharon shocked the world in 2005 with his decision to unilaterally withdraw Israeli settlers and military forces from the Gaza Strip. This move, known as the “Disengagement Plan,” was seen as a pragmatic attempt to reshape Israel’s borders and reduce the security burden of maintaining settlements in densely populated Palestinian areas. The withdrawal deeply divided Israeli society, particularly Sharon’s own Likud party, and led to the creation of a new political faction, Kadima, which Sharon founded in 2005.

The Gaza Withdrawal and Legacy

The Gaza withdrawal marked a significant departure from Sharon’s earlier policies, and many saw it as an indication of a more pragmatic, even dovish, turn in his political thinking. For years, Sharon had been the champion of settlement expansion and territorial maximalism, yet by 2005, he had come to believe that maintaining control over Gaza was not in Israel’s best interest. His decision to evacuate thousands of Israeli settlers was deeply unpopular among many of his right-wing supporters, but Sharon pressed ahead, stating that the move was essential for Israel’s security and future.

The disengagement from Gaza remains one of the most debated aspects of Sharon’s legacy. Supporters argue that it was a necessary step to preserve Israel’s Jewish and democratic character, while critics contend that it led to increased instability and the rise of Hamas as the dominant force in Gaza. The region has since been a flashpoint for conflict, with recurring violence between Israel and Palestinian factions based in Gaza.

Health Decline and Death

In January 2006, just a few months after the Gaza disengagement, Sharon suffered a massive stroke that left him in a coma from which he never recovered. For eight years, he remained in a vegetative state until his death on January 11, 2014. Sharon’s abrupt exit from political life left many questions about what direction his policies would have taken had he remained in power, particularly regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Conclusion

Ariel Sharon’s life and career were a reflection of the complexity and contradictions of Israel’s history. He was a military hero, a staunch nationalist, and later, an unexpected pragmatist willing to make bold political decisions that ran counter to his earlier positions. For some, he was a defender of Israel’s security and a visionary leader who recognized the changing realities of the Middle East. For others, he was a symbol of Israeli aggression and the architect of policies that contributed to ongoing conflict.

Sharon's legacy continues to shape Israeli politics and its approach to the Palestinian issue. His career reflects the difficult choices and compromises faced by Israeli leaders in navigating the country’s security and identity in a volatile region.

Who was David Ben-Gurion?

Introduction

David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973) is often regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of modern Israel. As a key founder of the State of Israel and its first Prime Minister, he played a pivotal role in establishing the country, shaping its early policies, and guiding it through its formative years. Ben-Gurion's legacy as a visionary leader, statesman, and political strategist remains deeply embedded in the history and identity of Israel. This article explores his life, his contributions to the creation of Israel, and his enduring impact on the country's development.

Early Life and Background

David Ben-Gurion was born David Grün on October 16, 1886, in the small town of Płońsk, then part of the Russian Empire (now Poland). His father, Avigdor Grün, was an ardent Zionist, and Ben-Gurion was exposed to the ideas of Zionism from a young age. This early exposure to Zionist thought played a crucial role in shaping his aspirations to create a homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine.

In 1906, at the age of 20, Ben-Gurion emigrated to Palestine, which was then under Ottoman rule. He became actively involved in the Zionist movement and joined the Poale Zion (Workers of Zion), a socialist Zionist organization. His early experiences as a pioneer working on farms and settlements in Palestine deepened his commitment to Zionist ideals and helped him develop a strong connection to the land.

Zionist Activism and Leadership

Ben-Gurion quickly emerged as a prominent leader within the Zionist movement. In 1912, he moved to Istanbul to study law, but his studies were interrupted by World War I. During the war, he was expelled from Palestine by the Ottoman authorities because of his Zionist activities and traveled to the United States, where he worked to promote the Zionist cause among the Jewish community.

In 1917, the Balfour Declaration, issued by the British government, expressed support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. This marked a turning point for Ben-Gurion and the Zionist movement, as it provided international recognition of the Jewish aspirations for a homeland. In response, Ben-Gurion returned to Palestine and became deeply involved in building the foundations of what would eventually become the State of Israel.

In 1920, he helped establish the Histadrut, the General Federation of Jewish Labor in Palestine, which became one of the most important institutions in the Zionist movement. As secretary-general of the Histadrut, Ben-Gurion worked to strengthen the labor movement, develop agricultural settlements, and build the infrastructure needed for a future Jewish state. He was instrumental in organizing Jewish workers, defending their rights, and promoting socialist ideals within the Zionist framework.

The Struggle for Statehood

During the 1930s and 1940s, Ben-Gurion emerged as the undisputed leader of the Zionist movement, advocating for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. He served as the head of the Jewish Agency, the organization that represented the Jewish community in Palestine and acted as a quasi-governmental body.

During this period, tensions between the Jewish and Arab communities in Palestine escalated, and the British mandate authorities imposed restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine. Despite these challenges, Ben-Gurion continued to push for Jewish statehood and worked tirelessly to secure support for the Zionist cause.

One of Ben-Gurion's most significant achievements during this time was his ability to navigate the complex political landscape of World War II. While the Holocaust was taking place in Europe, decimating the Jewish population, Ben-Gurion recognized the need to build alliances with the Allied powers. He famously declared that Jews would "fight the war as if there were no White Paper," referring to the British policy restricting Jewish immigration, "and fight the White Paper as if there were no war." This strategy allowed the Jewish community to support the British war effort while simultaneously resisting British policies that limited Jewish immigration to Palestine.

The Establishment of the State of Israel

The end of World War II and the revelation of the horrors of the Holocaust intensified the urgency of establishing a Jewish state. In 1947, the United Nations approved a plan to partition Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. While the Arab states rejected the plan, the Jewish community, led by Ben-Gurion, accepted it.

On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel and declared its independence. As the primary architect of Israel's creation, Ben-Gurion became the country's first Prime Minister and Minister of Defense. The declaration of independence was immediately followed by the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli War, as neighboring Arab states invaded the newly established country.

Despite being outnumbered and facing significant challenges, Ben-Gurion's leadership was instrumental in organizing Israel's defense forces and securing the survival of the fledgling state. The war ended in 1949 with the signing of armistice agreements, and Israel emerged victorious, having expanded its territory beyond the original UN partition plan.

Ben-Gurion's Role as Prime Minister

As Prime Minister, Ben-Gurion played a crucial role in shaping the policies and institutions of the new state. His leadership during Israel's early years was marked by several key achievements:

State-Building and Immigration: Ben-Gurion prioritized the mass immigration of Jews from around the world to Israel, believing that the country's future depended on a strong and growing population. Between 1948 and 1951, nearly 700,000 Jews immigrated to Israel, many of whom were Holocaust survivors and Jews fleeing persecution in Arab countries. Ben-Gurion's government worked to integrate these immigrants into Israeli society, despite the challenges posed by limited resources and infrastructure.

Defense and Security: As Minister of Defense, Ben-Gurion was committed to building a strong and capable military to protect Israel from external threats. He oversaw the establishment of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and ensured that the country was prepared to defend itself in the face of ongoing hostility from its neighbors.

Foreign Relations: Ben-Gurion worked to establish diplomatic ties with other countries, seeking international recognition and support for Israel. One of his most significant accomplishments was securing American recognition of Israel shortly after its declaration of independence.

Economic Development: Ben-Gurion implemented policies to transform Israel into a modern and self-sufficient state. He promoted industrialization, infrastructure development, and agricultural projects, such as the construction of the National Water Carrier, which facilitated the distribution of water across the country.

Later Years and Retirement

In 1953, Ben-Gurion temporarily retired from political life and moved to Sde Boker, a kibbutz in the Negev desert, where he worked as a farmer. However, his retirement was short-lived, and he returned to politics in 1955, serving as Minister of Defense and later resuming his role as Prime Minister.

During his second term, Ben-Gurion faced new challenges, including the Sinai Campaign in 1956, in which Israel, along with Britain and France, invaded Egypt in response to Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal. Although the campaign achieved military success, international pressure forced Israel to withdraw.

In 1963, Ben-Gurion resigned as Prime Minister and permanently retired from politics in 1970. He spent his remaining years in Sde Boker, where he continued to write and reflect on his vision for Israel's future.

Legacy and Impact

David Ben-Gurion passed away on December 1, 1973, but his legacy continues to shape Israel to this day. He is remembered as the "Father of the Nation" for his role in establishing the State of Israel and guiding it through its early years. Ben-Gurion's vision, determination, and leadership laid the foundation for a modern, independent, and democratic Israel.

His commitment to Zionism, Jewish immigration, and state-building helped transform Israel into a thriving nation. Despite facing enormous challenges, Ben-Gurion's belief in the Jewish people's right to self-determination and his unwavering dedication to the cause of Zionism ensured that Israel would become a reality.

Conclusion

David Ben-Gurion's life and achievements represent the fulfillment of the Zionist dream and the creation of a Jewish homeland in the land of Israel. His contributions as a leader, statesman, and visionary continue to inspire generations of Israelis, and his legacy remains an integral part of Israel's history. Ben-Gurion's determination to build a nation from scratch, his strategic leadership during times of conflict, and his vision for a Jewish state in the face of overwhelming odds have secured his place as one of the most important figures in modern Jewish and Israeli history.

Who was Menachem Begin?

Menachem Begin (1913–1992) was an Israeli politician, statesman, and the sixth Prime Minister of Israel, serving from 1977 to 1983. He was a significant figure in Israeli history and played a crucial role in the country's early political landscape.

Key Points about Menachem Begin:

Early Life and Zionist Activities: Born in Brest, Belarus (then part of the Russian Empire), Begin grew up in a Zionist household. He studied law at the University of Warsaw and became actively involved in Zionist youth movements, eventually joining Betar, a Revisionist Zionist group led by Ze'ev Jabotinsky.

Leadership of the Irgun: During World War II, Begin was imprisoned by the Soviets but was later released and made his way to British-controlled Palestine. In 1943, he became the leader of the Irgun (Etzel), a Jewish underground paramilitary organization that fought against the British Mandate authorities in Palestine. The Irgun was known for its militant tactics, including the 1946 bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem.

Political Career: After the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Begin transitioned to politics, founding the Herut party, which later evolved into the Likud party. For many years, he was in the opposition, known for his fiery oratory and staunch right-wing positions.

Prime Minister: In 1977, Begin's Likud party won a historic election, marking the first time a right-wing party took power in Israel. As Prime Minister, he initiated several major policies and events:

Camp David Accords (1978): One of Begin's most significant achievements was the signing of the Camp David Accords with Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, mediated by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. This led to the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty in 1979, the first peace agreement between Israel and an Arab country, for which Begin and Sadat received the Nobel Peace Prize.

Operation Peace for Galilee (1982): Begin authorized the invasion of Lebanon to root out the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization), leading to a protracted conflict in Lebanon.

Retirement and Legacy: After the death of his wife and amid growing criticism of the Lebanon War, Begin resigned in 1983 and withdrew from public life. He spent his remaining years in seclusion and died in 1992.

Menachem Begin is remembered as a complex figure, embodying both the militant fight for Jewish independence and the pursuit of peace with Israel's neighbors. His leadership marked a turning point in Israeli politics, shifting the balance from decades of left-wing dominance to a new era of right-wing influence.

On 'Sabra and Shatila massacre'

The Sabra and Shatila massacre occurred between September 16 and 18, 1982, during the Lebanese Civil War, in the Sabra neighborhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp in West Beirut, Lebanon. The massacre was carried out by a Lebanese Christian militia known as the Phalange, who were allied with Israel during this period of the conflict. The massacre resulted in the killing of a large number of Palestinian and Lebanese civilians, estimates ranging from several hundred to several thousand.

Context:

The massacre took place during the broader Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), which was a multifaceted conflict involving various factions: Christian, Muslim, Druze, and Palestinian groups, as well as foreign interventions by Israel and Syria.

In June 1982, Israel had invaded southern Lebanon in what was called Operation Peace for Galilee. This invasion was aimed at driving out the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), which was using Lebanon as a base for attacks on Israel.

By September 1982, Israeli forces had encircled West Beirut, where many PLO fighters and Palestinian refugees were located. The PLO had negotiated a withdrawal from Beirut under the supervision of international peacekeeping forces.

After the assassination of Bashir Gemayel, the leader of the Phalange militia and president-elect of Lebanon, Israeli forces allowed the Phalangist militia to enter the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps to root out remaining PLO fighters.

The Massacre:

On the night of September 16, 1982, Phalangist fighters, with Israeli oversight, entered the camps, ostensibly to eliminate PLO combatants. However, over the next two days, the militia systematically murdered civilians, including men, women, children, and elderly people.

Although the exact number of victims is disputed, estimates suggest that between 700 and 3,500 civilians were killed. Many of the dead were Palestinian refugees, as well as some Lebanese Shi'ites.

Israel’s Role:

Israeli forces surrounded the camps, manned checkpoints, and illuminated the area with flares at night, facilitating the actions of the Phalangists. While Israeli troops did not directly participate in the killings, their role in allowing the Phalangists into the camps and failing to stop the massacre has been heavily criticized.

In Israel, public outrage and international condemnation led to the establishment of the Kahan Commission in 1983 to investigate Israel's involvement. The commission found that Israeli officials, including then-Defense Minister Ariel Sharon, bore "indirect responsibility" for the massacre, as they did not prevent or stop the killings once they were aware of them.

As a result, Sharon was forced to resign as defense minister, though he remained influential in Israeli politics and later became prime minister.

Aftermath and Legacy:

The massacre had a profound impact on Lebanese society, exacerbating sectarian tensions and deepening the trauma of the civil war.

It also intensified the hostility between Palestinians and Israelis, reinforcing Palestinian grievances and further damaging Israel's international image.

The Sabra and Shatila massacre remains a symbol of the atrocities committed during the Lebanese Civil War and of the deep and unresolved Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

The massacre has been the subject of numerous investigations, human rights reports, and legal proceedings, though justice for the victims has remained elusive. It is remembered as one of the darkest moments in the history of the Middle East conflict.

'They Dare to Speak Out' by Paul Findley

They Dare to Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel's Lobby (1985) by Paul Findley is a book that critiques the influence of pro-Israel lobbying groups, particularly the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), on U.S. foreign policy. Paul Findley, a former U.S. Congressman from Illinois, argues that these lobbying efforts exert disproportionate power, shaping political discourse and limiting debate on U.S.-Israel relations.

Findley presents numerous case studies of individuals and organizations that, according to him, faced professional or personal repercussions for speaking critically about Israel or advocating for Palestinian rights. He contends that this influence stifles free speech and hinders an honest discussion about Middle Eastern policy.

The book was controversial upon its release, with supporters seeing it as an important challenge to the status quo, while critics accused Findley of promoting conspiracy theories. Regardless of one’s stance, They Dare to Speak Out played a notable role in discussions around the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the power dynamics within U.S. politics.

Who is David Duke?

David Duke is an American white supremacist, far-right politician, and former leader of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Born on July 1, 1950, Duke has been a controversial figure in U.S. politics due to his outspoken racist, anti-Semitic, and white nationalist views.

Key Points about David Duke:

Ku Klux Klan Involvement:

Duke first gained national attention in the 1970s when he became the Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, the highest-ranking position in the organization. During his tenure, he attempted to present a more "respectable" image of the Klan, emphasizing his white nationalist ideology while trying to distance the group from its history of violence.

Political Career:

Duke ran for several political offices throughout his career, including U.S. Senate, House of Representatives, and Governor of Louisiana. His most notable political success came in 1989 when he was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives as a Republican. However, his candidacy and political career have been marked by controversy due to his extremist views.

In 1991, Duke ran for Governor of Louisiana and made it to the runoff, receiving significant support despite widespread condemnation of his racist views. He lost the election but the close race highlighted the extent of his influence at the time.

White Nationalism and Neo-Nazism:

Duke has remained an active advocate for white nationalist and anti-Semitic causes. He has written books and given speeches promoting these views, and he has maintained a presence in far-right circles both in the U.S. and internationally.

Over the years, Duke has associated himself with various neo-Nazi and Holocaust denial movements, further solidifying his position as a prominent figure in the global far-right movement.

Public Reactions:

Duke's activities and views have made him a highly controversial figure, condemned by politicians, civil rights organizations, and the general public. Despite his fringe status, he has occasionally garnered significant support, particularly during moments of political and social tension.

Legacy:

David Duke remains a symbol of white supremacist ideology in the United States. His involvement in politics and his ability to gain some level of mainstream support have sparked debates about the persistence of racism and extremist views in American society.

The Communist Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 was founded by Russian Ashkenazic Jews?

The claim that the Communist Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 was founded by Russian Ashkenazi Jews is a complex and often controversial topic, rooted in both historical fact and misrepresentation.

Key Points:

Diverse Leadership:

The Bolshevik Revolution was led by a diverse group of individuals, many of whom were ethnic Russians, Ukrainians, Georgians, Latvians, and others. While there were Jewish individuals among the Bolshevik leadership, they were not the majority.

Vladimir Lenin, the key figure in the Bolshevik Revolution, was ethnically Russian with a mixed heritage that included German, Swedish, and possibly Jewish ancestors, but he was not Jewish by identity or practice.

Leon Trotsky (born Lev Bronstein), an important figure in the Revolution, was Jewish, but his role as a leader was based on his revolutionary ideas and abilities, not his ethnic background.

Anti-Semitic Narratives:

The claim that the Bolshevik Revolution was a "Jewish" revolution has been a common trope in anti-Semitic propaganda, especially in the early 20th century. This narrative was used to incite hatred against Jews by suggesting that they were responsible for the upheaval and violence associated with the Revolution.

The "Protocols of the Elders of Zion," a notorious anti-Semitic forgery, was part of this broader effort to falsely depict Jews as the masterminds behind global conspiracies, including the Bolshevik Revolution.

Historical Reality:

While some Jewish individuals were involved in the Bolshevik movement, they were a part of a broader revolutionary coalition that included people from various ethnic and social backgrounds.

The Revolution was primarily driven by ideological factors—Marxism and the desire to overthrow the Tsarist autocracy—not by any particular ethnic or religious agenda.

Post-Revolutionary Anti-Semitism:

After the Revolution, there was a complex relationship between the Soviet state and Jewish communities. Initially, the Bolsheviks opposed anti-Semitism and promoted the rights of all nationalities within the Soviet Union.

However, Stalin's later purges and policies, including targeted repression of Jewish intellectuals and cultural figures, showed that the Soviet leadership could be deeply anti-Semitic despite the early involvement of some Jews in the Revolution.

Conclusion:

The idea that the Bolshevik Revolution was founded by Russian Ashkenazi Jews is a misleading oversimplification and has been used in anti-Semitic rhetoric. While some Jewish individuals played significant roles in the Revolution, the movement itself was driven by a wide range of ideological, political, and social factors, and involved people from many different ethnic backgrounds. The Bolshevik Revolution should be understood in its broader historical and political context, rather than through the lens of ethnic or religious identity.

Introduction to the Stern Gang

The Stern Gang, also known as Lehi (an acronym for Lohamei Herut Israel, meaning "Fighters for the Freedom of Israel"), was a Zionist paramilitary organization active during the British Mandate of Palestine. Founded in 1940 by Avraham "Yair" Stern, the group was formed after a split from the Irgun, another Jewish underground organization. The Stern Gang's primary goal was to drive the British out of Palestine to establish a Jewish state.

Key Characteristics and Objectives:

Radical Ideology:

The Stern Gang was known for its extreme nationalist views. Unlike other Zionist groups that were willing to negotiate with the British, the Stern Gang considered the British presence in Palestine as the primary obstacle to Jewish sovereignty. They believed that only through armed struggle could a Jewish state be established.

Violence and Assassinations:

The group engaged in a campaign of violence against British officials, institutions, and infrastructure. They were involved in several high-profile assassinations, including the murder of Lord Moyne, the British Minister of State in the Middle East, in 1944, and the assassination of UN mediator Count Folke Bernadotte in 1948.

Collaboration and Controversy:

During World War II, while most Zionist groups supported the Allies against Nazi Germany, the Stern Gang controversially sought alliances with Axis powers, including Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, under the belief that they could help drive the British out of Palestine.

Merger and Dissolution:

After the death of Avraham Stern in 1942, the group continued its activities under different leadership. In 1948, Lehi merged with the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) following the establishment of the State of Israel. The organization's members were given amnesty, and many went on to have significant roles in the newly formed Israeli state, including Yitzhak Shamir, who later became Prime Minister of Israel.

Legacy:

The Stern Gang's actions remain controversial. Some view them as freedom fighters who played a crucial role in the creation of Israel, while others see them as terrorists due to their violent tactics. The legacy of the Stern Gang is a complex part of Israel's history, reflecting the intense and often brutal struggle for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in the face of British colonial rule.

Who were the Haganah and Irgun?

The Haganah and Irgun were two Jewish paramilitary organizations that played significant roles in the history of the Zionist movement and the establishment of the State of Israel. Both groups were active during the British Mandate of Palestine (1920-1948), but they differed in their methods and ideologies.

Haganah

Formation: The Haganah was founded in 1920 as a response to Arab attacks on Jewish communities in Palestine. It was initially a loose, volunteer-based organization aimed at defending Jewish settlements.

Role: Over time, the Haganah evolved into a more structured and organized force. It became the main defense organization of the Jewish community in Palestine (known as the Yishuv). The Haganah's activities included defending Jewish communities, organizing illegal immigration of Jews into Palestine (in defiance of British restrictions), and conducting military operations against British forces and Arab militants.

Ideology: The Haganah was aligned with the mainstream Zionist movement, particularly the labor Zionists, who advocated for a more moderate approach to achieving Jewish statehood. The group generally operated within the framework of the British authorities, at least until the latter years of the mandate, when tensions between the British and the Jewish community escalated.

Legacy: After the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the Haganah became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), the official military of Israel.

Irgun (Etzel)

Formation: The Irgun, also known as Etzel (an acronym for the Hebrew name Irgun Tsvai Leumi), was formed in 1931 by members who split from the Haganah. They believed that the Haganah's approach was too passive and that a more aggressive strategy was necessary to achieve Jewish statehood.

Role: The Irgun adopted a more militant approach, engaging in direct attacks against British military and administrative targets as well as Arab militants. The group is perhaps most famous for the bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem in 1946, which was the British administrative headquarters. This attack resulted in the deaths of 91 people and was one of the most significant and controversial actions of the group.

Ideology: The Irgun was aligned with the Revisionist Zionist movement, led by Ze'ev Jabotinsky, which advocated for a more assertive approach to achieving a Jewish state, including the use of armed force. The Irgun saw the British as occupiers who needed to be expelled from Palestine to allow for the establishment of a Jewish state.

Legacy: The Irgun disbanded after the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, and many of its members joined the newly formed IDF. The group's leader, Menachem Begin, later became the Prime Minister of Israel and founded the Likud party, which has been a major political force in Israel.

Differences and Conflicts

The Haganah and Irgun had significant ideological and strategic differences, leading to tensions and conflicts between the two. The most notable of these was the Altalena Affair in 1948, a violent confrontation between the newly formed IDF (largely based on the Haganah) and the Irgun over the control of arms. The incident highlighted the deep divisions within the Jewish community at the time, but it also marked a turning point towards the unification of the various Jewish military forces under the IDF.

William Guy Carr and Pawns in the Game

William Guy Carr (1895-1959) was a Canadian naval officer and author known for his works on conspiracy theories, particularly those involving a global plot by secret societies to control world events. His most famous book, "Pawns in the Game," published in 1958, claims to reveal these conspiracies.

Key Points about William Guy Carr and "Pawns in the Game":

Background:

Career: Carr served in the Royal Canadian Navy and held various positions, eventually achieving the rank of Commander.

Interests: He developed an interest in writing and conspiracy theories, focusing on alleged secret plans by powerful groups to dominate the world.

Pawns in the Game:

Premise: The book argues that historical events and global conflicts are orchestrated by a clandestine group of elite individuals seeking world domination.

Content: Carr discusses various conspiracy theories, including those involving the Illuminati, Freemasons, and other secret societies. He claims these groups manipulate political, financial, and social events to achieve their objectives.

Reception: "Pawns in the Game" has been widely criticized for its lack of credible evidence and for promoting antisemitic and other unfounded conspiracy theories. Despite this, it has garnered a following among certain groups interested in conspiracy theories.

Influence and Criticism:

Legacy: Carr's work has influenced subsequent conspiracy theorists and writers who perpetuate similar ideas about global plots and secret societies.

Criticism: Scholars and experts have discredited Carr's theories, highlighting the book's reliance on dubious sources, factual inaccuracies, and sensationalism.

Carr's work, particularly "Pawns in the Game," remains a controversial and debated topic, with critics pointing out its lack of scholarly rigor and its potential to spread harmful conspiracy theories.

Communism and Zionism: Blood Brothers

The phrase "Communism and Zionism: Blood Brothers" is provocative and likely suggests a controversial or polemical perspective on the relationship between Communism and Zionism. Historically, Communism and Zionism are distinct ideologies with different goals and philosophies. However, they have intersected at various points in history, sometimes cooperating and other times being in conflict. Here's a brief overview of each ideology and their interactions:

Communism

Definition: A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society in which the means of production are owned communally. It aims to eliminate private property and create an egalitarian society.

Key Figures: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin.

Historical Context: Communism became a significant global force in the 20th century, particularly after the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (1917), leading to the establishment of the Soviet Union and later influencing various countries and movements worldwide.

Zionism

Definition: A nationalist movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in the historic land of Israel (Palestine). It seeks to ensure a secure and sovereign Jewish state.

Key Figures: Theodor Herzl, Chaim Weizmann, David Ben-Gurion.

Historical Context: Zionism gained momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.

Intersections and Interactions

Jewish Participation in Communist Movements:

Many Jews were prominent in early 20th-century socialist and communist movements, particularly in Europe and Russia. This was partly due to the oppressive conditions Jews faced under Tsarist rule and other regimes.

Notable Jewish communists included Leon Trotsky, Rosa Luxemburg, and Emma Goldman.

Soviet Union and Zionism:

Initially, the Soviet Union had a complex relationship with Zionism. Early Soviet leaders supported Jewish autonomy but were wary of nationalist movements, including Zionism.

During World War II and the immediate post-war period, the Soviet Union supported the creation of Israel, seeing it as a potential socialist ally in the Middle East. The USSR was one of the first countries to recognize Israel in 1948.

However, the relationship soured during the Cold War, with the Soviet Union eventually supporting Arab states and opposing Israel, partly due to geopolitical alliances.

Conflict and Cooperation:

Ideological Conflict: Communism and Zionism have inherent ideological differences. Communism seeks to eliminate national distinctions in favor of a global proletariat, while Zionism is a nationalist movement focused on a specific ethnic and religious group.

Practical Cooperation: Despite ideological differences, there were periods of practical cooperation, particularly in the early stages of the Zionist movement when socialist Zionists (e.g., Labor Zionism) played a significant role in establishing kibbutzim and other communal settlements in Israel.

Accusations and Conspiracies:

The phrase "blood brothers" might stem from various conspiracy theories or polemical arguments suggesting a deep, nefarious connection between Communism and Zionism. These often lack historical evidence and are typically used to provoke or accuse rather than to inform.

Conclusion

While Communism and Zionism have had points of interaction and influence, characterizing them as "blood brothers" oversimplifies and distorts their complex and often contradictory relationship. Both movements have had significant impacts on 20th-century history but are fundamentally different in their goals and methods.

The Secret Alliance between America, Iran and Israel during The Era of Khomeini

www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations

www.wrmea.org/1988-april/khomeini-s-iran-israel-s-ally.html

www.arabnews.com/news/460157

www.thedailybeast.com/7-things-you-might-not-know-about-iranian-views-of-israel

www.iranicaonline.org/articles/israel-i-relations-with-iran

www.dw.com/en/iran-und-israel-the-best-of-enemies/a-17437981

www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/MAGAZINE-how-israel-and-iran-went-from-allies-to-enemies-1.6049884

https://www.english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2016/06/08/Iran-s-engagement-with-Israel-and-the-Great-Satan-

Was the Khazar Empire Jewish?

The Khazar Empire, which flourished between the 7th and 10th centuries, is often noted for its unique religious transformation. While it was a multi-ethnic and multi-religious state with populations practicing various religions including Christianity, Islam, and traditional Turkic shamanism, a significant event in its history is the conversion of its ruling class to Judaism.

Key Points Regarding the Khazar Empire and Judaism:

Conversion to Judaism: The most notable aspect of the Khazar Empire's religious history is the conversion of the Khazar elite, including the Khagan (king), to Judaism. This conversion is traditionally dated to the 8th or 9th century. Sources, including contemporary accounts and later historical writings, suggest that the ruling class adopted Judaism as a way to remain neutral among the powerful Christian Byzantine Empire and the Muslim Caliphate, which were both vying for influence in the region.

Extent of Jewish Influence: The conversion of the ruling class did not necessarily mean that the entire population of the Khazar Empire became Jewish. While the leadership and some members of the aristocracy practiced Judaism, the general populace remained diverse in their religious practices, including Islam, Christianity, and indigenous beliefs.

Historical Sources: The primary sources of information about the Khazar conversion to Judaism include:

Jewish Sources: Correspondence such as the letters exchanged between Hasdai ibn Shaprut, a Jewish dignitary in Muslim Spain, and the Khazar king Joseph.

Islamic Sources: Historical accounts from Muslim writers like Al-Masudi and Ibn al-Faqih.

Byzantine Sources: References by Byzantine historians who noted the unique religious status of the Khazars.

Archaeological Evidence: There is limited archaeological evidence directly linking the Khazar population with widespread Jewish practices, which supports the idea that Judaism was primarily a religion of the elite rather than the masses.

In summary, while the Khazar Empire is often remembered for the conversion of its ruling class to Judaism, it was not a uniformly Jewish state. The empire was characterized by its religious diversity, with Judaism being one of several practiced religions, primarily among the ruling elite.

Sheikh Imran Hosein and his Views on Gog & Magog

Sheikh Imran Hosein is a prominent Islamic scholar known for his interpretations of Islamic eschatology and contemporary geopolitical events. One of his key focuses is the interpretation of the Qur'anic and Hadith references to Gog and Magog (Yajuj and Majuj in Arabic). Here’s an overview of his views on this topic:

Background on Gog and Magog

Gog and Magog are mentioned in the Qur'an and Hadith as destructive forces that will be released before the Day of Judgment.

In the Qur'an, they appear in Surah Al-Kahf (18:94-99) and Surah Al-Anbiya (21:96).

They are often associated with great chaos and corruption.

Sheikh Imran Hosein's Views

Modern Interpretation:

Sheikh Imran Hosein interprets Gog and Magog as representing modern powers that cause widespread corruption and oppression in the world. He often identifies them with specific global powers and their influence over international affairs.

He argues that these entities are already present and active in the world today, contrary to some interpretations that place their emergence in the future.

Geopolitical Analysis:

Hosein links Gog and Magog to the major geopolitical players, particularly the Western powers and their allies. He views their actions and policies as fulfilling the prophetic descriptions of the havoc and moral decay associated with Gog and Magog.

He often discusses the influence of Zionism and Western hegemony in the context of Gog and Magog, suggesting that their dominance is a manifestation of these eschatological entities.

Historical Context:

Hosein places significant emphasis on historical context and events, suggesting that the release of Gog and Magog began with historical events like the emergence of certain empires and the discovery of modern technologies that enable global dominance and control.

He views the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the subsequent rise of Western powers as pivotal moments in the unfolding narrative of Gog and Magog.

Spiritual and Moral Decay:

According to Hosein, the moral and spiritual decay observed in modern societies is a sign of the influence of Gog and Magog. He points to the breakdown of family structures, the rise of materialism, and widespread injustice as indicators of their presence.

He emphasizes the importance of adhering to Islamic principles and values as a means to resist the negative influence of Gog and Magog.

Prophetic Timeline:

Sheikh Imran Hosein discusses Gog and Magog within the broader framework of Islamic eschatology, linking their activities to other signs of the Last Day. He believes that their emergence is one of the major signs indicating the approach of the Day of Judgment.

Controversies and Criticisms

Sheikh Imran Hosein's interpretations are sometimes controversial within the Muslim community. Some scholars and followers of different schools of thought disagree with his geopolitical readings and his identification of specific contemporary powers with Gog and Magog.

His views are also subject to debate regarding their scriptural basis and the methodology used to arrive at his conclusions.

Influence and Reach

Despite controversies, Sheikh Imran Hosein has a significant following and his lectures and writings are widely disseminated, particularly through online platforms.

His interpretations offer a unique perspective that combines traditional Islamic teachings with contemporary geopolitical analysis, appealing to those interested in understanding current events through an eschatological lens.

Who is Sheikh Imran Hosein?

Sheikh Imran Hosein is a prominent Islamic scholar, author, and lecturer known for his work in Islamic eschatology (the study of the end times) and his interpretation of contemporary events in the context of Islamic teachings. Here are some key points about him:

Background:

Born in Trinidad in 1942, Sheikh Imran Hosein is of Indo-Trinidadian descent.

He studied Islam, philosophy, and international relations at various institutions, including Al-Azhar University in Cairo, the University of Karachi in Pakistan, and the Institute of International Relations at the University of the West Indies.

Eschatology and Contemporary Analysis:

Sheikh Imran Hosein is best known for his work in Islamic eschatology, particularly his interpretation of the signs of the end times (the "Last Day") as described in Islamic texts.

He has written extensively on topics such as the role of the Antichrist (Dajjal), the return of Jesus (Isa), and the emergence of the Mahdi, grounding his interpretations in the Quran and Hadith.

Publications:

He has authored several books, including "Jerusalem in the Quran," "The Gold Dinar and Silver Dirham: Islam and the Future of Money," and "An Islamic View of Gog and Magog in the Modern Age."

His works often focus on the socio-political and economic issues facing the Muslim world, offering insights on topics like riba (usury), the global financial system, and geopolitics.

Lectures and Influence:

Sheikh Imran Hosein travels extensively, giving lectures and seminars around the world.

He has a significant following on social media and other online platforms where his lectures and writings are widely shared and discussed.

Views and Controversies:

He is known for his critical views on Western hegemony, Zionism, and the modern banking system, which he argues are contrary to Islamic principles.

Some of his interpretations and views have been considered controversial, both within and outside the Muslim community.

Sheikh Imran Hosein continues to be an influential figure, especially among those interested in Islamic eschatology and the application of Islamic teachings to contemporary global issues.

Book 10 Summary > Menanti Imam Ke-12: Peranan Revolusi Iran Di Belakang Tabir Dalam Mempersiapkan Kedatangan Dajjal

Online:
Menanti Imam Ke-12

Medium:
Malay

Future Publisher:
PTS Publications

Translated in English as 'Awaiting The Twelth Imam: Hidden Role Of The Iranian Revolution In Preparing The Antichrist'.

The work is not meant to incite hatred between Shiites and Sunnis or adherents to other religions but to raise their awareness, with the hope of building a better world.

Hopefully it will expose the hidden hands behind the current World situations that the International public probably had never even known of, discussing:

The Judaic origins of Shiism. Shiism and Islam are two different religions. Penetration of the Kharijites into Shiism after demise of the Caliph Ali. They were extreme Muslims who had left the mainstream Islamic community and war was declared by Ali against them following advice of the Prophet Muhammad who insisted on killing them for they will be followers of The Antichrist

Prophecy by the Prophet that the Antichrist will appear among the Kharijites. The book traces the religious lineage of present Shiites back to their Kharijite forefathers

Hizbullah's involvement in the killing of innocent civilians of Shabra Shatila. What are they up to now in Lebanon? Are they are trying to ignite the Middle East into potential World War Three and more dangerously attempting to win the attention of the Islamic World?

The secret US-Iran relationships. Enemies in public but friends in private. 'Irangate' scandal touched. Khomeini's path to power eased by the White House. Khomeini's strange beliefs and diversion from true Islamic teachings of the Prophet Muhammad

The mention by the Prophet Muhammad of the appearance of the Antichrist in Isfahan, Iran. Why in Iran, an Islamic fundamentalist state? Not in America?

Many Shiite scholars mentioned that The Twelth Imam, will also be the Messiah of the Jews and the Christians. Will it be the same figure who will appear as The Twelth Imam of the Shiites, Moshiach of the Jews and Christ of the Christians? Will he be the Antichrist?

The prophecy of the Prophet Muhammad in authentic narrations that the Antichrist will appear within the Muslim world (between Syria and Iraq), and not in the West as imagined by many Muslims. Several Biblical scholars argued based on their research that the Beast will come from the Eastern leg of The Roman Empire (now the vast area encompassing Syria, Iraq and Iran). The 3 countries are at present under the tight grip of the Shiite Governments

Situation in Iraq. Countless of Muslims are being slaughtered daily by Shiites, assisted by the Americans

Nostradamus prophesied that the Antichrist will destroy present Christianity and distort beliefs of Islam. Also mention by him of the taking over of Iran by placing a human decoy (Ahmadinajad?) into power and subsequently his future assasination before the Antichrist (Shiite Hidden Imam?) appears on the scene. The Hojjatieh Society, a secret society now controlling President Ahmadinajad and all levels of the Iranian Government, having philosophy very much similar to Freemasonry, one motto being 'creation of order before chaos to hasten the arrival of the Hidden Imam'

The Author's views regarding future World events in chronological order:
1) Appearance of the true Imam Mahdi appearing from Madinah, leading the World into Global peace and prosperity and paving the way for the second coming of Christ
2) World War 3 will erupt in the Middle East, wiping out both Middle Eastern Zionist and Islamic Worlds
3) Emergence of Iran as the new Superpower in the Middle East with support of the Antichrist appearing as 'The Twelth Imam'. The Antichrist will use Iran, not America as his stepstone, in order to confuse the minds of the believing people
4) Appearance of the Antichrist on the global scene after the War as Saviour of Humanity, appearing simultaneously as 'The Twelth Imam' of the Shiites, 'Moshiach' of the Zionists, 'Christ' of the Christians, 'Maitreya' of the Buddhists and Saviour awaited by other religions. Possibility of the present Ecumenical Movement being precursor to the future New World Messianic Religion of the Antichrist
5) The possibility of Greater Israel State being also Greater Shiite State. President Ahmadinajad's rhetoric to 'wipe out' the State of Israel is a charade designed to deceive the Muslims. Will the wiping out be followed by the greater combined Zionist-Shiite State?
6) If prophecies of Nostradamus can be relied, the taking over of Iran by the Antichrist, to be followed by unity of the entire Islamic Nation under him (The Prophet mentioned that majority of his followers will be deceived by 'Al-Masih Ad-Dajjal'), and eventually the merger of the entire Islamic nation with atheistic Russia and China to become the next Superpower. America's influence will be reduced greatly
7) Finally, the Antichrist will be killed at the hands of Jesus Christ who will put an end to tyranny and oppression on the Globe. The Golden Age (The Kingdom of God) will be established with the second coming of Jesus, after destruction of the Antichrist and subsequently Gog Magog. Humanity will embrace Islam in large numbers. Christ will take humanity to the understanding of Islam as originally brought by the Prophet Muhammad and his companions; Islam that is pure from polytheism and innovations and Islam that promotes advancement in spirituality as well as economy, business, science and technology

The Thirteenth Tribe by Arthur Koestler

"The Thirteenth Tribe: The Khazar Empire and Its Heritage" is a book written by Arthur Koestler, first published in 1976. In this work, Koestler presents a controversial theory regarding the origins of the Ashkenazi Jews, suggesting that they are primarily descended from the Khazars, a Turkic people who established a powerful empire in Eastern Europe during the early Middle Ages.

Key Points and Themes

Khazar Empire:

The Khazars were a semi-nomadic Turkic people who created a significant empire in the region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

At its peak, the Khazar Empire controlled much of what is now southern Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan.

Conversion to Judaism:

According to Koestler, the ruling class of the Khazars, including the king and the nobility, converted to Judaism in the 8th or 9th century.

This conversion was unique because it was a state-led initiative rather than a mass grassroots movement.

Ashkenazi Jewish Origins:

Koestler theorizes that the Ashkenazi Jews of Eastern Europe are largely descended from these Khazar converts, rather than from the historical Jews of the Holy Land.

He argues that after the fall of the Khazar Empire, the descendants of the Khazars migrated westward, eventually becoming the ancestors of Eastern European Jews.

Controversy and Criticism:

Koestler's theory has been met with significant criticism from historians and geneticists.

Critics argue that his hypothesis lacks substantial historical and genetic evidence, and more recent genetic studies have shown that Ashkenazi Jews share more common ancestry with Middle Eastern populations than with Turkic groups.

Some have also pointed out that Koestler's work was motivated by a desire to combat anti-Semitism by undermining the notion of a direct line of descent from the biblical Israelites, although this has had mixed receptions.

Cultural and Historical Impact:

Despite its controversial nature, "The Thirteenth Tribe" has had a significant cultural impact, influencing discussions about Jewish history and identity.

The book has been both praised and criticized for its speculative approach and for challenging established narratives.

Conclusion

"The Thirteenth Tribe" remains a provocative and debated work within the field of Jewish history. While Koestler's thesis about the Khazar origins of the Ashkenazi Jews has not gained widespread acceptance among scholars, it has prompted valuable discussions about the complex history of Jewish communities in Europe. The book is often read more for its stimulating ideas and bold conjectures than for its adherence to conventional academic standards.

The Antichrist and Gog & Magog in the Bible

The concepts of the Antichrist and Gog and Magog are significant eschatological themes in the Bible, featuring prominently in both the Old and New Testaments. Here’s an overview of their biblical descriptions and roles:

The Antichrist

Definition and Nature: The term "Antichrist" refers to an end-time figure who opposes Christ and deceives humanity. The term itself is found primarily in the Johannine Epistles (1 John and 2 John), but the concept appears throughout the New Testament.

Biblical References:

1 John 2:18: "Children, it is the last hour; and as you have heard that antichrist is coming, so now many antichrists have come. Therefore we know that it is the last hour."

1 John 4:3: "And every spirit that does not confess Jesus is not from God. This is the spirit of the antichrist, which you heard was coming and now is in the world already."

2 John 1:7: "For many deceivers have gone out into the world, those who do not confess the coming of Jesus Christ in the flesh. Such a one is the deceiver and the antichrist."

2 Thessalonians 2:3-4: Although the term "Antichrist" is not used, this passage describes the "man of lawlessness" who exalts himself against God.

Revelation 13: The "beast" in Revelation is often associated with the Antichrist, depicting a figure of immense power who blasphemes God and persecutes believers.

Characteristics: The Antichrist is described as a deceiver who denies Jesus Christ's divinity, performs signs and wonders to mislead people, and establishes a kingdom in opposition to God.

Gog and Magog

Definition and Origin: Gog and Magog are apocalyptic entities mentioned in the Bible. They are often seen as representing nations or forces that oppose God's people.

Biblical References:

Ezekiel 38-39: These chapters provide a detailed prophecy against Gog, of the land of Magog, describing a great battle in which Gog and his allies are defeated by God.

Ezekiel 38:2: "Son of man, set your face toward Gog, of the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him."

Ezekiel 39:6: "I will send fire on Magog and on those who live in safety in the coastlands, and they will know that I am the Lord."

Revelation 20:7-8: Gog and Magog appear again in the New Testament in a vision of the final battle after Satan is released from his prison.

Revelation 20:8: "And will come out to deceive the nations that are at the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them for battle; their number is like the sand of the sea."

Interpretations:

Historical: Some scholars see Gog and Magog as historical nations or tribes that were enemies of Israel.

Symbolic: Others interpret them symbolically, representing the ultimate enemies of God and His people, embodying the forces of evil that will be finally defeated.

Eschatological Significance

Antichrist: Represents a future or present figure (depending on interpretation) who leads a great rebellion against God, deceives humanity, and is ultimately defeated at Christ's second coming.

Gog and Magog: Represent the final enemies of God who gather for a climactic battle against God's people but are decisively defeated, symbolizing the ultimate triumph of good over evil.

Both concepts underscore the biblical themes of deception, opposition to God, and the ultimate victory of God's kingdom.

Book 8 Summary > Segitiga Berdarah Dajjal: Hubungan Rahsia Amerika, Iran Dan Israel Dalam Mempersiapkan Kedatangan Dajjal

Online:

Segitiga Berdarah Dajjal

Medium:
Malay

Future Publisher:
PTS Publications

Translated as 'Bloody Antichrist Triangle: Secret Relationship Of America, Iran And Israel In Preparing The Antichrist'.

The work is intended to expose secret relationships of the United States, Iran and Israel in paving the way for the Antichrist. It is a sincere effort by the author to reveal what lie behind the seemingly hostile relations between the 3 regional powers.

The author will touch among others:

Iran-Israel historical ties, from the ancient times until now. Based on the Old Testament

Role of Cyrus the Great in saving the ancient Babylonian Jews. The emperor was considered 'Moshiach' or Messiah by many Jews despite his Aryan descent. Is he 'Zulqarnain' of the Quran?

Birth of Islam. Fall of the Persian empire, subjugated by Islam under the Caliph Umar Al-Khattab's reign

Anger of the Persians towards the new Islamic empire translated into alliance with the Jews, collaborating with Abdullah Ibn Saba' and his followers as well as the Kufan Arabs, in forming basis of Shiism, as a religio-political movement, using 'love of the Prophet's family' to deceive Muslims

Modern times. Iran and Israel, isolated amidst their Arab neighbours, both being hostile towards the Arabs in general, except towards Shiite Arabs (in the case of Iran)

Iraq as centre of attention from Iran and Israel; in terms of historical significance and natural resources

Shiism in modern age

History, role and development of Hizbullah. Is Hizbullah a Zionist front?

Was the 'Islamic' Republic of Iran established secretly by the United States?

Isfahan, Iran was mentioned by the Prophet Muhammad as the future venue of one of the first appearances of the Antichrist

Iran-Contra scandal revisited. Exposing secret military agreement between the US, Iran and Israel

Israel, according to contemporary Shiite scholars. Is she fulfilment of the advent of The Twelth Imam? Mystery behind establishment of Hebrew and Arabic as Israel's official languages

Appearance of the Antichrist. As the new (but evil) Cyrus the Great?

The eventual conquest of the whole globe by the Antichrist, with the exception of Makkah and Madinah, using Iran and Israel as stepping stones

Book 9 Summary > The Antichrist Triangle: Israel's Alliance With America And Iran In Producing The Antichrist

Online:
The Antichrist Triangle

Medium:
English

Future Publisher:
AS Noordeen

The work is intended to exhibit the growing power of Israel in the Middle East as an open ally of the United States and a secret ally of Iran, mistakenly considered an arch enemy of the Zionist state.

The author argues from the prophecies of the Prophet Muhammad, the Old and New Testaments as well as the famed prophet-physician Nostradamus, that the Antichrist will be brought forward to appear as a global world leader by essentially the joint efforts of the 3 strongest powers of the Middle East today ie the United States, Iran and Israel; the three will be made to represent the Antichrist from the Christian, Islamic and Jewish worlds respectively.

The author will touch among others:

History of Israel, Iran and the United States. What occult organization founded America and Israel? And what has been the society's long term goal?

Background of Illuminati and its alliance with the Antichrist. On the Rothschilds, the Warburgs and other powerful 'Jewish' banking dynasties

Establishments of the United States, Britain, China, former USSR and the European Union by the Cabal Illuminati. They pave the way for the Antichrist

Quest for the mysterious Gog and Magog. Where are they in today's global scenes?

The worldwide control exercised by Illuminati over vast majority, if not all of today's modern governments, the United Nations, IMF and the World Bank as well as our education, financial and political systems

Illuminati has been behind International capitalism and communism, Zionism, Nazism, Darwinism, feminism and many other destructive ideologies facing the Globe

The Antichrist and Gog & Magog in Christianity

In Christian eschatology, the Antichrist and Gog & Magog are significant figures or entities associated with end-time events. Their roles and interpretations vary across different Christian traditions, but they both symbolize opposition to God and ultimate defeat in the apocalyptic narrative.

The Antichrist

The Antichrist is commonly understood as a figure who appears before the end of the world, embodying evil and opposing Christ. The term "Antichrist" appears in the New Testament, specifically in the epistles of John:

1 John 2:18 - "Children, it is the last hour; and as you have heard that antichrist is coming, so now many antichrists have come."

1 John 2:22 - "Who is the liar but he who denies that Jesus is the Christ? This is the antichrist, he who denies the Father and the Son."

1 John 4:3 - "And every spirit that does not confess Jesus is not from God. This is the spirit of the antichrist, which you heard was coming and now is in the world already."

2 John 1:7 - "For many deceivers have gone out into the world, those who do not confess the coming of Jesus Christ in the flesh. Such a one is the deceiver and the antichrist."

While the term "Antichrist" is explicitly used in these letters, the concept is also linked to other biblical passages, particularly in the Book of Revelation and the Book of Daniel:

Revelation 13 describes two beasts: one rising out of the sea and the other out of the earth, which are often interpreted as the Antichrist and the False Prophet.

2 Thessalonians 2:3-4 mentions the "man of lawlessness" or "son of perdition" who exalts himself against God, a figure often identified with the Antichrist.

The Antichrist is typically viewed as a singular malevolent leader who will deceive many, persecute Christians, and create a period of tribulation before being ultimately defeated by Christ at His Second Coming.

Gog and Magog

Gog and Magog appear in both the Old and New Testaments as symbols of nations opposed to God, often associated with end-times prophecy:

Ezekiel 38-39 - These chapters describe Gog of the land of Magog, a leader who will invade Israel from the north but will be defeated by God. This passage is often interpreted as a prophecy about a future invasion of Israel by a coalition of nations.

Revelation 20:7-10 - After the thousand-year reign of Christ, Satan is released and will deceive the nations, Gog and Magog, to gather them for battle against the "camp of the saints and the beloved city." This final rebellion is swiftly defeated by God.

The identity of Gog and Magog has been the subject of much interpretation. In Ezekiel, Gog is often seen as a prince or leader, while Magog represents his land or people. In Revelation, they are symbolic of the nations of the world that are deceived by Satan into making a final stand against God.

Interpretations

Historical and Futurist Views

Historicist Interpretation: Some Christians interpret these figures as symbolic representations of historical forces opposed to Christianity throughout the church's history.

Futurist Interpretation: Others, especially within premillennialist frameworks, view these prophecies as future events. They expect a literal Antichrist who will appear in the end times and lead a global rebellion against Christ. Similarly, Gog and Magog are seen as future geopolitical entities that will oppose God's people in a final, climactic battle.

Theological Significance

Antichrist: Represents ultimate human rebellion and apostasy, embodying the pinnacle of evil and opposition to Christ.

Gog and Magog: Symbolize the collective opposition of the nations against God, highlighting the recurring theme of God's ultimate victory over evil.

Conclusion

Both the Antichrist and Gog & Magog play pivotal roles in Christian eschatology, symbolizing the final confrontation between good and evil. While interpretations vary, the consistent theme across Christian thought is the eventual triumph of God over all opposition, affirming the hope and assurance of divine victory and justice in the end times.

The Antichrist in Christianity

In Christian theology, the Antichrist is a figure who embodies opposition to Christ and his teachings. The concept of the Antichrist primarily arises from the New Testament, particularly from the letters of John and the Book of Revelation.

The term "Antichrist" is mentioned explicitly in the letters of John, where it refers to those who deny that Jesus is the Christ (1 John 2:18, 22; 4:3; 2 John 1:7). However, the concept of a specific individual known as "the Antichrist" is more prominently associated with the Book of Revelation, where a figure commonly interpreted as a symbol of ultimate evil and opposition to Christ emerges. This figure is often associated with other biblical passages, particularly those in Daniel and the Gospels, which speak of false prophets and adversaries of God's people.

Interpretations of the Antichrist vary among Christian denominations. Some view the Antichrist as a singular figure who will emerge at the end of the age, wielding great power and influence, leading many astray before the return of Christ. Others interpret the Antichrist more symbolically, as representing any force or ideology that opposes Christ and his teachings throughout history.

Throughout Christian history, various individuals and groups have been identified as potential Antichrists, including political leaders, religious figures, and even entire movements or ideologies perceived as antithetical to Christianity. However, there is no consensus within Christianity regarding the identity or nature of the Antichrist, and interpretations continue to vary widely among scholars and believers.